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A torque converter in modern usage, is usually a fluid coupling which is utilized in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, for example an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. Similar to a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a substantial difference between output and input rotational speed.
The fluid coupling kind is the most popular type of torque converter used in car transmissions. During the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or Constantinesco converter. There are various mechanical designs for always changeable transmissions which could multiply torque. For example, the Variomatic is a kind that has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
The 2 element drive fluid coupling could not multiply torque. Torque converters have an part referred to as a stator. This changes the drive's characteristics during occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
Within a torque converter, there are a minimum of three rotating components: the turbine, in order to drive the load, the impeller that is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the turbine and the impeller so that it can change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under any condition and this is where the term stator begins from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been alterations which have been integrated periodically. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is needed, changes to the modifications have proven to be worthy. More often than not, these adjustments have taken the form of multiple turbines and stators. Each set has been designed to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several instances consist of the Dynaflow that uses a five element converter in order to produce the wide range of torque multiplication needed to propel a heavy vehicle.
Though it is not strictly a component of classic torque converter design, various automotive converters comprise a lock-up clutch to be able to lessen heat and in order to improve cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
